p-anisic acid

P-anisic acid is an organic compound used as a fragrance component in cosmetics and personal care products (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)

PABA (para-, 4- or p-aminobenzoic acid) is a non-protein amino acid found naturally in foods such as grains, eggs, milk and meat. It is often included in B-complex vitamin dietary supplements. PABA is an intermediate in the bacterial synthesis of folic acid and was originally believed to be an essential nutrient for humans. However, it is now known that humans do not have the ability to synthesize folic acid from PABA and therefore must acquire folic acid from the diet. After ingestion, PABA is absorbed mainly through the small intestine. Oral PABA is generally well tolerated (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Palm oil

Palm oil is a commonly used cooking oil obtained from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, Elaeis guineensis. It is the second most abundantly produced vegetable oil in the world, following soybean oil (1). Unrefined palm oils appear reddish in color due to large amounts of provitamin A carotenoids such as beta-carotene. Red palm oil also contains vitamin E, plant sterols and coenzyme Q10 (2). Commercially refined palm oil is used to fry foods and for making margarine, shortening and other products.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
 

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7

Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 is an organic compound used as a skin conditioning agent in cosmetics and personal care products (1).

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B₅, is an essential B complex vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule that is involved in the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates and proteins (1). Rich food sources of pantothenic acid include chicken, beef, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, liver, kidney, egg yolk, broccoli and whole grains. In commercial supplement products, pantothenic acid is available as calcium or sodium D-pantothenate or as pantothenol. Pantothenic acid is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex formulations.
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 10 mg pantothenic acid for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Pantothenic acid (as calcium D-pantothenate)

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B₅, is an essential B complex vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule that is involved in the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates and proteins (1). Rich food sources of pantothenic acid include chicken, beef, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, liver, kidney, egg yolk, broccoli and whole grains. In commercial supplement products, pantothenic acid is available as calcium or sodium D-pantothenate or as pantothenol. Pantothenic acid is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex formulations.
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 10 mg pantothenic acid for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Calcium D-pantothenate, or D-calcium pantothenate, is the principal supplemental form of the water-soluble vitamin pantothenic acid. It is often available in multivitamin and B-complex products (2). Calcium pantothenate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods (21CFR184.1212) (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Pantothenic acid (from baker’s yeast)

Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B₅, is an essential B complex vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule that is involved in the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates and proteins (1). Rich food sources of pantothenic acid include chicken, beef, potatoes, oat cereals, tomato products, liver, kidney, egg yolk, broccoli and whole grains. In commercial supplement products, pantothenic acid is available as calcium or sodium D-pantothenate or as pantothenol. Pantothenic acid is frequently used in combination with other B vitamins in vitamin B complex formulations.
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 10 mg pantothenic acid for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer’s yeast, is a yeast often used for baking or brewing. It is an excellent source of the essential B vitamins, including folic acid, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin and vitamin B₆ (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Papaya (fruit)

Papaya is the fruit of the papaya tree, Carica papaya, native to tropical Central America (1). Papayas are an excellent source of vitamins A and C, and a source of dietary fiber, vitamin E, vitamin K, folate and potassium (2). Many of these nutrients have antioxidant activities.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
 

Partially hydrolyzed whey protein isolate

Partially hydrolyzed whey protein isolate. Whey protein is a component of cow's milk isolated in the standard cheese-making process. It is widely considered the highest-quality, naturally complete protein and is also one of the richest known natural sources of the essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine. Whey proteins contain about 10%–15% glycomacropeptides, small bioactive peptides high in BCAAs (1), and are an excellent source of bioavailable calcium. While naturally found in cow’s milk and yogurt, whey protein is also found in many commercial sports nutrition products such as drinks, energy bars and powder mixes. Commercial whey protein products typically come as whey protein concentrates or whey protein isolates, the difference being in the concentration levels of protein. Whey protein isolates tend to have a much higher percentage of protein (>90%) than concentrates (25%-80%) (1). Partially hydrolyzed whey protein consists of both whole protein and smaller peptide fragments.
     For adult men and women, it is recommended that protein provide around 10%-35% of total daily caloric intake (2). Whey protein is easily digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine faster than other proteins, such as casein (3). Individuals who are lactose intolerant may want to consult a physician before using whey protein products; however whey protein isolate typically has very low levels if any of lactose (<3%) (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been notified that industry considers whey protein isolate to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for its intended use and has not objected to its use for this purpose (GRN No. 37). Whey protein has been used in numerous clinical studies with no severe adverse reactions reported. Some individuals may experience minor gastrointestinal disturbances.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  OsoLean^® powder
 

PCA dimethicone

PCA dimethicone is an organic compound used as a skin conditioning agent in cosmetics and personal care products (1).

Pea protein concentrate

Pea protein concentrate. Peas, the small spherical seeds or seed-pods of the legume Pisum sativum, have been consumed as food for thousands of years, beginning with Chinese cultures as far back as 2000 B.C. Peas can be used as a source of protein in dietary supplements, containing almost as much protein by weight as eggs (1). Pea protein is highly digestible and a good source of essential amino acids, including lysine and the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Peach (fruit)

Peach. The fruit of the peach tree, Prunus persica, is native to China, where it is believed to have been grown for over 4,000 years. The majority of peaches grown in the U.S. are marketed fresh, with a large proportion of the rest being prepared as canned, dried or frozen (1). Peaches are a source of vitamin C, vitamin A, potassium and dietary fiber (2). They also contain a number of flavonoid compounds, such as quercetin, which have antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Pear (fruit)

Pear. The fruit of the flowering pear tree, Pyrus spp., comes in hundreds of varieties with different colors, shapes, textures and flavors. Pears rank eighth among the fruit crops of the world, with China, Italy and the U.S. being the three leading pear-producing countries. About half of the pear crop is sold fresh, while the other half is primarily canned (1). Pears consist mainly of water (>80%), but they are also a good source of dietary fiber and a source of vitamin C (2). They also contain a number of flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant activities, including quercetin and myricetin (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Pectin

Pectin is a plant polysaccharide obtained from the rinds of citrus fruits or from apple pomace (the pulp, peel and core). Pectin is used to stabilize mixtures, such as oil-in-water, and to increase the thickness or gel-like texture of foods (1). It is often used to make jams and marmalades from fruit juices. Pectin is indigestible by humans, making it a beneficial dietary fiber (2). It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods (21CFR184.1588).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
 

PEG-10 stearate

PEG-10 stearate is an organic compound used to aid in mixing ingredients in skin care products (1). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stearates are generally regarded as essentially nontoxic and nonirritating materials when used in cosmetics (2).

PEG-100 stearate

PEG-100 stearate is an organic compound used in cosmetics and personal care products as a cleansing agent with soap-like properties (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), PEG-100 stearate is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

PEG-20 glyceryl triisostearate

PEG-20 glyceryl triisostearate is an organic compound used in skin care products to aid in stabilizing oil-in-water mixtures. It is also a skin conditioning agent that acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1).

PEG-30 dipolyhydroxystearate

PEG-30 dipolyhydroxystearate is an organic compound used in skin care products to aid in stabilizing oil-in-water mixtures (1).

PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil

PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil is derived from oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor bean. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products to aid in mixing ingredients and for its fragrance and soap-like cleansing properties (1).

PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil

PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil is derived from oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor bean. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products to aid in mixing ingredients and for its fragrance and soap-like cleansing properties (1).

Pentylene glycol

Pentylene glycol is used in cosmetics and personal care products to aid in mixing ingredients and as a skin conditioning agent (1).

Peppermint (aerial part)

Peppermint, Mentha piperita, is an herb grown throughout much of Europe and North America. Peppermint (aerial parts and oil) has a long history of traditional use and is a common flavoring agent. It contains menthol, carotene, tocopherols, flavonoids and other polyphenols (1). Peppermint is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a natural flavoring (21CFR182.10).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Peppermint (leaf)

Peppermint, Mentha piperita, is an herb grown throughout much of Europe and North America. Peppermint (aerial parts and oil) has a long history of traditional use and is a common flavoring agent. It contains menthol, carotene, tocopherols, flavonoids and other polyphenols (1). Peppermint is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a natural flavoring (21CFR182.10).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
   •  Manna-C™ capsules
 

Peptidase

Peptidases, or proteases, are enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptide fragments and individual amino acids. While proteases occur naturally in all organisms, they are typically obtained from safe, non-pathogenic fungi for use in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
 

Pharmaceutical glaze

Pharmaceutical glaze is an alcohol based solution of the naturally occurring material shellac, derived from the lac insect, Laccifer lacca. It is used in the dietary supplement industry for the enteric coating of tablets and capsules. Pharmaceutical glaze is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Phellodendron amurense bark extract

Phellodendron amurense bark extract is an extract of the powdered bark of the tree, Phellodendron amurense. Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe.

Phytosphingosine

Phytosphingosine is a lipid occurring naturally in the outermost layer of the skin. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a skin conditioning agent (1).

Phytosteryl/isostearyl/cetyl/stearyl/behenyl dimer dilinoleate

Phytosteryl/isostearyl/cetyl/stearyl/behenyl dimer dilinoleate is an organic compound used as a thickener in cosmetics and personal care products and as a skin conditioning agent that slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin’s surface (1).

Phytosteryl/octyldodecyl lauroyl glutamate

Phytosteryl/octyldodecyl lauroyl glutamate is an organic compound used in skin care products as a skin conditioning agent that slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin’s surface (1).

Pimpinella anisum fruit extract

Pimpinella anisum (anise) fruit extract is an extract of the dried ripe fruit of the anise, Pimpinella anisum. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products for fragrance and as a skin conditioning agent (1).

Pineapple (fruit)

Pineapple, Ananas comosus, is a fruit native to South America that is now cultivated in tropical environments all over the world (1). Fresh pineapple is a source of bromelain, an enzyme that digests protein (2). It is also an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, and a source of dietary fiber, thiamin, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, potassium and copper (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Pineapple juice powder (fruit)

Pineapple juice powder. Pineapple juice is extracted from the fresh fruit pineapple, Ananas comosus. The pineapple is native to South America and is now cultivated in tropical environments all over the world (1). Fresh pineapple is a source of bromelain, an enzyme that digests protein (2). It is also an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, and a source of dietary fiber, thiamin, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, potassium and copper (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
 

Plum (fruit)

Plum. The fruit of the flowering plum tree comes in five main types that vary in size, color and flavor: European, Japanese, American, Damson and Ornamental. The European plum, Prunus domestica, is the primary species sold commercially in the United States, grown mainly in the state of California. Plums are marketed fresh, canned, frozen or dried to become prunes (1). They are a source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium and dietary fiber (2). Plums also contain flavonoid compounds, such as quercetin, which have antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Policosanol (from sugar cane wax)

Policosanol is a natural mixture of organic alcohols purified from sugar cane wax, Saccharium officinarum. The main alcohol component is called octacosanol, which makes up around 60% of the total alcohol content. Policosanol is safe and well-tolerated in healthy individuals (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
 

Polyglutamic acid

Polyglutamic acid is a synthetic polymer used as a skin conditioning agent in cosmetics and personal care products (1).

Polyglyceryl-10 laurate

Polyglyceryl-10 laurate is an organic compound used in skin care products as a skin conditioning agent and to aid in stabilizing oil-in-water mixtures (1).

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are a class of organic compounds found in plant foods, such as grapes and cocoa, and beverages, such as green tea and wine. They are characterized by having more than one phenol group per molecule. Polyphenols include lignins, tannins and flavonoids (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoBurst^® nutritional chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Polysorbate 60

Polysorbate 60 is an organic compound used in skin care products as a fragrance and to aid in stabilizing oil-in-water mixtures (1). Polysorbate 60 is listed in the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Polysorbate 80

Polysorbate 80 is an organic compound used in skin care products as a fragrance and to aid in stabilizing oil-in-water mixtures (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), polysorbate 80 is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Emprizone^® gel
 

Pomegranate juice concentrate powder (fruit)

Pomegranate juice concentrate powder. Pomegranate juice is extracted from the fruit of the small tree, Punica granatum. The pomegranate tree is native to areas in the Middle East and is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region (1). Pomegranates are an excellent source of vitamin K and folate, and a good source of vitamin C, potassium, copper and manganese (2). Pomegranate fruit and juice also contain polyphenolic compounds that have antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
 

Potassium

Potassium is the primary intracellular cation (positive ion) in humans, required for the normal functioning of all cells in the body. It is necessary for regulating the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood flow. Fruits and non-grain vegetables are rich in potassium. Potassium citrate and potassium phosphate are the two forms of potassium naturally found in foods, while potassium chloride is the form most commonly added to processed foods and used in dietary supplements. In healthy individuals, approximately 85% of dietary potassium is absorbed through the intestine. Most potassium leaves the body through the urine; however, heat exposure and exercise can cause increased loss of potassium via sweat (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Daily Reference Value (DRV) of 3,500 mg potassium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). DRVs are a set of dietary references for energy-producing nutrients, cholesterol, sodium and potassium that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. DRVs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Potassium (as potassium citrate)

Potassium is the primary intracellular cation (positive ion) in humans, required for the normal functioning of all cells in the body. It is necessary for regulating the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood flow. Fruits and non-grain vegetables are rich in potassium. Potassium citrate and potassium phosphate are the two forms of potassium naturally found in foods, while potassium chloride is the form most commonly added to processed foods and used in dietary supplements. In healthy individuals, approximately 85% of dietary potassium is absorbed through the intestine. Most potassium leaves the body through the urine; however, heat exposure and exercise can cause increased loss of potassium via sweat (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Daily Reference Value (DRV) of 3,500 mg potassium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). DRVs are a set of dietary references for energy-producing nutrients, cholesterol, sodium and potassium that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. DRVs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Potassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid used as a source of potassium in dietary supplements. Potassium citrate is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Potassium aspartate

Potassium aspartate is the potassium salt of aspartic acid used as a source of potassium in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  EM•PACT^®
 

Potassium citrate

Potassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid used as a source of potassium in dietary supplements. Potassium citrate is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Potassium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound widely used to adjust the pH (the acidity or alkalinity) of skin care products (1). Potassium hydroxide is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Potassium iodide

Potassium iodide is an inorganic salt that occurs naturally in sea water and salt deposits. It is used in dietary supplements as a source of iodine. Potassium iodide is considered generally recognized as safe for use as a nutrient supplement in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR184.1634) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Potassium succinate

Potassium succinate is the potassium salt of succinic acid. It is used as a source of potassium in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  EM•PACT^®
 

PPG-15 stearyl ether

PPG-15 stearyl ether is an organic compound used in skin care products as a skin conditioning agent that acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), PPG-15 stearyl ether is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Protease

Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes. While they occur naturally in all organisms, proteases in supplements are typically obtained from safe, non-pathogenic fungi. Orally administered protein-digesting enzymes can be detected in human blood, at least to some extent, in their intact, biologically active form (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Protease (from Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus oryzae)

Proteases are protein-digesting enzymes. While they occur naturally in all organisms, proteases in supplements are typically obtained from safe, non-pathogenic fungi, such as Aspergillus melleus and Aspergillus oryzae. Orally administered protein-digesting enzymes can be detected in human blood, at least to some extent, in their intact, biologically active form (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
 

Protease 3.0

Protease 3.0 is a protein-digesting enzyme that functions optimally at a pH of 3.0. The pH of the digestive tract varies from neutral (pH 6.8-7.5) in the mouth, to very acidic (pH 2.0-4.0) in the stomach, and then back again to neutral (pH 5.5-7.0) in the intestines. Therefore, enzymes that function at a particular pH can break down food at different stages of digestion as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
 

Protease 4.5

Protease 4.5 is a protein-digesting enzyme that functions optimally at a pH of 4.5. The pH of the digestive tract varies from neutral (pH 6.8-7.5) in the mouth, to very acidic (pH 2.0-4.0) in the stomach, and then back again to neutral (pH 5.5-7.0) in the intestines. Therefore, enzymes that function at a particular pH can break down food at different stages of digestion as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
 

Protease 6.0

Protease 6.0 is a protein-digesting enzyme that functions optimally at a pH of 6.0. The pH of the digestive tract varies from neutral (pH 6.8-7.5) in the mouth, to very acidic (pH 2.0-4.0) in the stomach, and then back again to neutral (pH 5.5-7.0) in the intestines. Therefore, enzymes that function at a particular pH can break down food at different stages of digestion as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
 

Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) seed extract

Prunus amygdalus dulcis (sweet almond) seed extract is an extract of the dried ripe seeds of the sweet almond, Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis. Analysis of sweet almond has detected proteins and sterols, as well as trace amounts of vitamin A, B-complex vitamins, vitamin E, and amino acids (1).

Psyllium (seed husk)

Psyllium (seed husk) is a mixture of polysaccharides derived from the husks of the seeds of Plantago plant species. It has a high level of soluble dietary fiber. Psyllium is used in processed foods, such as cereals, and in various dietary supplement formulations to increase fiber intake. It passes through the gastrointestinal tract largely unchanged (1). Psyllium seed husk is approved for use as a source of dietary fiber by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR101.81) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Purified fish oil concentrate

Purified fish oil concentrate. Commercial fish oils marketed as dietary supplements are typically derived from fresh, cold-water, oily fish, such as salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies and sardines (1). The use of fish oil supplements is intended to provide the body with the essential omega-3 fatty acids, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Concentrated fish oils tend to contain higher amounts of EPA and DHA. While consuming fatty fish can also provide these omega-3 fatty acids, most individuals do not consume the required servings. In addition, much of the available fish today is raised on farms rather than in their native water habitats, greatly reducing their concentrations of EPA and DHA. Furthermore, cold-water fish can contain dangerous amounts of environmental pollutants, such as mercury, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and dioxins (2). A major safety concern is the possible presence of these polluntants, which can be found in relatively high levels in fresh fish and unpurified fish oils. When considering omega-3 EPA and DHA dietary supplements, it is important to look for fish oils that have been purified to reduce the levels of these contaminants. The most common molecular distillation and steam deodorization techniques use a combination of pressure and high temperatures to remove environmental pollutants from fish oil supplements so that they may pass global regulatory standards (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Essential Source™ omega-3
 

Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate

Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (P5P) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B₆, involved in amino acid metabolism and numerous other enzymatic reactions in the human body. Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate is considered a particularly useful nutrient supplement, because all other forms of vitamin B₆ must be converted to P5P in the liver before they are considered active. The P5P form of vitamin B₆ is typically found in foods of animal origin, such as meats, dairy products and eggs. No adverse effects have been associated with high intake of vitamin B₆ from food sources (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
 

Pyridoxine 5-phosphate

Pyridoxine 5-phosphate (PNP) is the phosphorylated form of pyridoxine, or vitamin B₆. In the body, it acts as an intermediate in the conversion of pyridoxine to the active form of vitamin B₆, pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The PNP form of vitamin B₆ can be found in plant-derived foods. No adverse effects have been associated with high intake of vitamin B₆ from food sources (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Pyridoxine hydrochloride

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is a form of vitamin B₆ used in fortified foods and nutritional supplements. Pyridoxine hydrochloride is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a direct food ingredient by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR184.1676).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement