C12-15 alkyl benzoate

C12-15 alkyl benzoate is an organic compound used in cosmetics and personal care products as a skin conditioning agent that acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Cabbage (leaf)

Cabbage is a cruciferous vegetable that is a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. Cabbage ranks fifth in the world as a vegetable crop. The U.S. is one of the leading cabbage-producing countries, where about 15% of the total crop is made into sauerkraut and the rest is marketed fresh (1). Cabbage is an excellent source of vitamin C and vitamin K, as well as a source of dietary fiber, vitamin B6, folate and manganese (2).
     Recent attention has been devoted to an additional component of cruciferous vegetables, namely, the glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that can be broken down in the human gastrointestinal tract. Isothiocyanates, including sulforaphane, are the metabolites of glucosinolates that can then be absorbed through the intestine (3). Cabbage has a high glucosinolate content when compared with other cruciferous vegetables (4).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
 

Calcium

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Over 99% of total body calcium is found in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle and the intracellular fluid. Calcium is used for muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and nervous system signaling. A constant level of calcium is needed to be maintained in the body in order for these processes to function properly. The body gets the calcium it needs through food and by being extracted from bones. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products and dark, leafy greens. For dietary calcium, vitamin D is important and recommended for optimal calcium absorption through the intestine. Calcium extraction from bones occurs when dietary calcium is insufficient and can lead to weakened bone structure (1).
     Many individuals in the U.S. consume inadequate amounts of calcium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 1,000 mg calcium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Calcium (as calcium carbonate, calcium citrate malate glycinate)

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Over 99% of total body calcium is found in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle and the intracellular fluid. Calcium is used for muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and nervous system signaling. A constant level of calcium is needed to be maintained in the body in order for these processes to function properly. The body gets the calcium it needs through food and by being extracted from bones. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products and dark, leafy greens. For dietary calcium, vitamin D is important and recommended for optimal calcium absorption through the intestine. Calcium extraction from bones occurs when dietary calcium is insufficient and can lead to weakened bone structure (1).
     Many individuals in the U.S. consume inadequate amounts of calcium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 1,000 mg calcium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Calcium carbonate is an organic compound used as a source of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements. It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).
     Calcium citrate/malate/glycinate is a mixture of calcium salts and chelates that are commonly used as sources of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Calcium (as calcium carbonate, red algae and calcium citrate)

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Over 99% of total body calcium is found in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle and the intracellular fluid. Calcium is used for muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and nervous system signaling. A constant level of calcium is needed to be maintained in the body in order for these processes to function properly. The body gets the calcium it needs through food and by being extracted from bones. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products and dark, leafy greens. For dietary calcium, vitamin D is important and recommended for optimal calcium absorption through the intestine. Calcium extraction from bones occurs when dietary calcium is insufficient and can lead to weakened bone structure (1).
     Many individuals in the U.S. consume inadequate amounts of calcium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 1,000 mg calcium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Calcium carbonate is an organic compound used as a source of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements. It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).
     Red algae (Lithothamnium spp.) are species of algae that are rich in the essential minerals calcium and magnesium and contain a number of trace minerals including manganese, selenium and zinc (3). Lithothamnium species belong to the family of coralline algae, Corallinaceae. They are harvested off the coasts of Britain and France to be used as a source of calcium (calcium carbonate) and magnesium (magnesium carbonate) in dietary supplements.
     Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid used as a source of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements. Calcium citrate is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Calcium (from red algae (Lithothamnium spp.))

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Over 99% of total body calcium is found in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle and the intracellular fluid. Calcium is used for muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and nervous system signaling. A constant level of calcium is needed to be maintained in the body in order for these processes to function properly. The body gets the calcium it needs through food and by being extracted from bones. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products and dark, leafy greens. For dietary calcium, vitamin D is important and recommended for optimal calcium absorption through the intestine. Calcium extraction from bones occurs when dietary calcium is insufficient and can lead to weakened bone structure (1).
     Many individuals in the U.S. consume inadequate amounts of calcium. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 1,000 mg calcium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Red algae (Lithothamnium spp.) are species of algae that are rich in the essential minerals calcium and magnesium and contain a number of trace minerals including manganese, selenium and zinc (2). Lithothamnium species belong to the family of coralline algae, Corallinaceae. They are harvested off the coasts of Britain and France to be used as a source of calcium (calcium carbonate) and magnesium (magnesium carbonate) in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is an organic compound used as a source of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements. It is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Calcium citrate

Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid used as a source of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements. Calcium citrate is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  EM•PACT^®
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Calcium citrate-malate-glycinate

Calcium citrate/malate/glycinate is a mixture of calcium salts and chelates that are commonly used as sources of the essential mineral calcium in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Calcium D-pantothenate

Calcium D-pantothenate, or D-calcium pantothenate, is the principal supplemental form of the water-soluble vitamin pantothenic acid. It is often available in multivitamin and B-complex products (1). Calcium pantothenate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in foods (21CFR184.1212) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Calcium pyruvate

Calcium pyruvate is the calcium salt of pyruvic acid used in dietary supplements as a source of pyruvate and the essential mineral calcium. Pyruvate, or pyruvic acid, is involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in the body (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
 

Camellia oleifera leaf extract

Camellia oleifera leaf extract. Camellia oleifera is a large shrub or small tree native to China, commonly called Tea-Oil Camellia. Extract made from the leaves of Tea-Oil Camellia is used in topical formulations as a skin conditioning agent and as a cosmetic astringent, which induces a tightening or tingling sensation of the skin (1). Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Camellia sinensis leaf extract

Camellia sinensis leaf extract is made from the leaves of green tea. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of green tea, offering protection for the skin against damage from free radicals (1).

Campesterol

Campesterol is a plant sterol (phytosterol) found in many foods, including soybeans, peppers, avocados and nuts. It is abundant in vegetable oils, particularly canola oil (1), (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
 

Camu-camu extract (fruit)

Camu-camu extract is obtained from the fruit of the small tree, Myrciaria paraensis or Myrciaria dubia. Camu-camu grows in areas of the Amazon rainforest, and the fruit is eaten fresh or made into jam, jelly or wine (1). Camu-camu fruit is one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C, and it contains polyphenolic compounds called anthocyanins (2). These nutrients likely contribute to the fruit’s antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
 

Cantaloupe (fruit)

Cantaloupe, Cucumis melo, is a melon belonging to the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. There are two varieties of cantaloupe, those grown in Europe and Asia (var. cantalupensis) and those grown in North America (var. reticulatus). The latter is the more commonly known fruit with a yellowish-brown rind and orange pulp. Most cantaloupes are consumed as fresh fruit (1). They are an excellent source of the antioxidants beta-carotene (vitamin A) and vitamin C (2), (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Caprylic/capric triglyceride

Caprylic/capric triglyceride is extracted from coconut oil and palm oil and is used in skin care and cosmetic products to stabilize mixtures, including oil-in-water mixtures (1). Caprylic/capric triglyceride may also be used as a skin conditioning agent that acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (2). Medium chain triglycerides such as caprylic/capric triglyceride are listed in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Caprylyl glycol

Caprylyl glycol is a chemical compound which is used as a skin conditioning agent in skin care products. It acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1).

Carambola (fruit)

Carambola is the fruit of the small tree, Averrhoa carambola, native to Indonesia and other tropical areas in Asia. Commonly referred to as star fruit, carambola may be consumed fresh or made into jam, jelly, juice or tarts (1). The fruit is a good source of fiber and rich in vitamin C, which likely contributes to its antioxidant activities (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
 

Carbomer

Carbomer is the name given to a group of synthetically derived chemical compounds that are used in skin care products to assist in the mixing of ingredients (1). Various carbomers are included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Emprizone^® gel
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Carmine (color)

Carmine is a bright red pigment obtained from the dried bodies of the cochineal insect. Carmine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a color additive in foods (21CFR73.100) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Carrageenan

Carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from species of red algae, including Gigartina skottsbergii, Chondrus crispus and Eucheuma cottonii. The solubility and gelling capability of carrageenans differ depending on the type of red algae used. Carrageenan has been used for hundreds of years as a food additive. In foods, it acts as a thickener and stabilizer (1). Carrageenan is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Carrot (root)

Carrot. The edible roots of the carrot plant, Dacus carota, are one of the world’s leading vegetable crops. Carrots are a member of the parsley family, Apiaceae or Umbelliferae, and are one of the richest vegetable sources of vitamin A and beta-carotene (1). Carrots are also a good source of vitamin K and a source of vitamin C, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, manganese, dietary fiber and potassium (2). Many of these nutrients have antioxidant activities.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
 

Cashew butter

Cashew butter is made by blending roasted cashew nuts. It can be used as a sandwich spread, like peanut butter, or used to make soups, sauces and dips. Cashew butter is a good source of copper and a source of protein, magnesium, phosphorous, zinc, manganese, and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars cherry pie flavor
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars chocolate raspberry truffle flavor
 

Cashews

Cashews are the seeds of the cashew tree, Anacardium occidentale. They are the fifth leading nut crop in the world, used primarily as snacks or as ingredients in baked goods, salads and international cuisines (1). Cashew nuts are an excellent source of copper and manganese; a good source of magnesium and phosphorous; and a source of protein, vitamin K, thiamin, vitamin B6, iron, potassium, zinc, selenium, and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars cherry pie flavor
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars chocolate raspberry truffle flavor
 

Catnip (leaf)

Catnip, Nepeta cataria, is a perennial herb famous for its effects on the behavior of cats. In Kazakhstan, catnip has traditionally been used as an herbal tea. The perceived health benefits of consuming catnip (leaves, tea or oil) are primarily attributed to its chemical component nepetalactone (1). A number of bioflavonoids have also been found in the lemon variety of catnip (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Manna-C™ capsules
 

Cauliflower (flower/stalk)

Cauliflower is a cruciferous vegetable that is a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. The edible part of cauliflower is its large flower head, which is usually white but can also be colored light green or purple. Cauliflower is an excellent source of vitamin C and a good source of vitamin K, as well as a source of dietary fiber, vitamin B6, folate, pantothenic acid, potassium and manganese (1).
     Recent attention has been devoted to an additional component of cruciferous vegetables, namely, the glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that can be broken down in the human gastrointestinal tract. Isothiocyanates, including sulforaphane, are the metabolites of glucosinolates that can then be absorbed through the intestine (2). Cauliflower has a moderate glucosinolate content when compared with other cruciferous vegetables (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  Phyt-Aloe^® capsules or powder
 

Cauliflower (whole plant)

Cauliflower is a cruciferous vegetable that is a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. The edible part of cauliflower is its large flower head, which is usually white but can also be colored light green or purple. Cauliflower is an excellent source of vitamin C and a good source of vitamin K, as well as a source of dietary fiber, vitamin B6, folate, pantothenic acid, potassium and manganese (1).
     Recent attention has been devoted to an additional component of cruciferous vegetables, namely, the glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that can be broken down in the human gastrointestinal tract. Isothiocyanates, including sulforaphane, are the metabolites of glucosinolates that can then be absorbed through the intestine (2). Cauliflower has a moderate glucosinolate content when compared with other cruciferous vegetables (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Celery (leaf & stalk)

Celery. The celery plant, Apium graveolens, is native to areas of the Mediterranean region. Most of the celery crop is sold fresh, with the stalks being the part most commonly consumed. Celery leaves and seeds are sometimes used as flavoring agents for food. Celery stalks have a high water content (94%) and low caloric content, and are relatively low in vitamin and mineral content (1). The leaves, on the other hand, are a rich source of vitamin C, vitamin K, dietary fiber and potassium. They are also a good source of calcium and a source of vitamin A, iron, magnesium and phosphorous (2). In addition, celery contains a number of flavonoid compounds, such as quercetin, that demonstrate antioxidant activities (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Cellulase

Cellulase is an enzyme produced by fungi, bacteria and other microscopic organisms. Production of cellulase by intestinal bacteria helps with the digestion of plant cellulose and other beta-glucans, which are indigestible by human enzymes (1). Cellulase derived from widely utilized fungi, such as Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, is approved for use as a food enzyme by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GI-ZYME^® capsules
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
 

Cellulose gum

Cellulose gum, also known as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) sodium, is a derivative of cellulose, a natural compound found in the cell walls of many plants. It is commonly used in foods and oral formulations to increase thickness, to aid in disintegration and to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures (1). CMC sodium is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2). Consumption of large amounts may have a laxative effect (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Ceramide 1

Ceramide 1. Ceramides are lipids, a category of chemical compounds that are insoluble in water. Lipids are major components of human cell membranes, and ceramides are major components of skin cells. Ceramides contribute to the skin's water-repellent and water-retaining properties (1).

Ceramide 3

Ceramide 3. Ceramides are lipids, a category of chemical compounds that are insoluble in water. Lipids are major components of human cell membranes, and ceramides are major components of skin cells. Ceramides contribute to the skin's water-repellent and water-retaining properties (1).

Ceramide 6 II

Ceramide 6 II. Ceramides are lipids, a category of chemical compounds that are insoluble in water. Lipids are major components of human cell membranes, and ceramides are major components of skin cells. Ceramides contribute to the skin's water-repellent and water-retaining properties (1).

Cerebrosides

Cerebrosides are chemical compounds found in plant and animal cells. In humans, cerebrosides are produced naturally in the deepest layer of skin cells and serve as a protective coating for the cells. As new cells form in lower layers of skin, the older skin cells move closer to surface layers and start to dry out. During this process, the cerebrosides are chemically changed to form ceramides (1). Ceramides are major lipid components of skin cells that contribute to the skin’s water-repellent and water-retaining properties (2).

Cetearyl alcohol

Cetearyl alcohol is an organic alcohol that stabilizes oil-in-water mixtures, acts as a foam booster and is used to thicken the texture of cosmetics and personal care products (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), cetearyl alcohol is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Cetyl alcohol

Cetyl alcohol is an organic compound that stabilizes oil-in-water mixtures, acts as a foam booster and fragrance component, and is used to thicken the texture and improve the appearance of cosmetics and personal care products (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), cetyl alcohol is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Cetyl ethylhexanoate

Cetyl ethylhexanoate is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1).

Cherry (fruit)

Cherry. There are basically two types of cherries commonly consumed in the United States. The sour cherry, Prunus cerasus, is used mainly in cooked desserts while sweet cherries, Prunus avium, are primarily eaten fresh or prepared frozen, canned or brined (maraschino cherries) (1). Sour cherries are an excellent source of vitamin A, and a source of dietary fiber, vitamin C and the anthocyanidin compound cyanidin. Sweet cherries are a source of vitamin C and dietary fiber, and they contain anthocyanidins along with numerous bioflavonoid compounds (2), (3). Many of these nutrients demonstrate antioxidant activities.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars cherry pie flavor
 

Cherry flavor

Cherry flavor is an extract from cherries or cherry juice, used in foods for flavoring rather than nutritional purposes.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars cherry pie flavor
 

Chicory root

Chicory root. Chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a plant native to Europe and areas of Asia. It was cultivated by ancient Egyptians, and is now consumed as a vegetable in salads in Europe and the United States. Fructans, such as inulin and oligofructose, are extracted from chicory roots (1).

Chinese Hawthorn extract (fruit)

Chinese Hawthorn extract is obtained from the dried fruit of the Chinese Hawthorn small tree, Crataegus pinnatifida. There are a number of Hawthorn species that are native to areas in North America, Europe and East Asia (1). The Hawthorn fruit, called shan zha in Chinese, has been valued by Chinese cultures for thousands of years. It is also made into jams and jellies or brewed into herbal tea. Chinese Hawthorn fruit is a source of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin C and vitamin A (2). The fruit also contains flavonoids, such as procyanidins, that demonstrate antioxidant activity (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
 

Cholecalciferol

Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) is a form of vitamin D that is commonly used in dietary supplements. Cholecalciferol is synthesized by humans in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet-B (UVB) rays from sunlight. However, for individuals who are insufficiently exposed to sunlight, vitamin D must be provided through the diet (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a sterol found in all human body tissues and is necessary for the normal functioning of cell membranes. It is used in skin care products to stabilize oil-in-water mixtures and as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1). Cholesterol is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  FIRM with Ambrotose^® cream
 

Choline

Choline is a nutrient related to the water-soluble B-complex vitamins that is necessary for the structure and function of all cells. It is important for the structural integrity of cell membranes and proper functioning of the brain, as well as required for a number of metabolic reactions that take place in the body. Humans can synthesize choline themselves, or they can consume choline through the diet. It can be found in high amounts in foods such as egg yolk, peanuts, fish, milk and a variety of meats and vegetables. Dietary choline is absorbed from the small intestine and travels through the bloodstream to all organs and tissues of the body. No adverse effects have been seen with choline intakes at the amounts present in our products (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Choline (as choline bitartrate)

Choline is a nutrient related to the water-soluble B-complex vitamins that is necessary for the structure and function of all cells. It is important for the structural integrity of cell membranes and proper functioning of the brain, as well as required for a number of metabolic reactions that take place in the body. Humans can synthesize choline themselves, or they can consume choline through the diet. It can be found in high amounts in foods such as egg yolk, peanuts, fish, milk and a variety of meats and vegetables. Dietary choline is absorbed from the small intestine and travels through the bloodstream to all organs and tissues of the body. No adverse effects have been seen with choline intakes at the amounts present in our products (1).
     Choline bitartrate is a salt of the nutrient choline. It is commonly used as a source of choline in dietary supplements (2). Choline bitartrate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR182.8250) (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Choline bitartrate

Choline bitartrate is a salt of the nutrient choline. It is commonly used as a source of choline in dietary supplements (1). Choline bitartrate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR182.8250) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  EM•PACT^®
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Chromium

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Accelerator 3™ capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
   •  SPORT™ capsules
 

Chromium (as chromium dinicotinate glycinate)

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Chromium dinicotinate glycinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to nicotinic acid (niacin) and the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Chromium (as chromium glycinate chelate)

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Chromium glycinate chelate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Accelerator 3™ capsules
 

Chromium (as chromium niacinate diglycinate)

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Chromium niacinate diglycinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to niacin and the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Chromium (as chromium picolinate)

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Chromium picolinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to picolinic acid. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  SPORT™ capsules
 

Chromium (from mustard sprout)

Chromium is an essential trace element that plays an important role in normal blood sugar regulation. Sources of dietary chromium include high-bran cereals, meats, poultry, fish and some beers and red wines. Only small amounts (<2.5%) of dietary chromium are absorbed through the intestine (1).
     No adverse effects have been associated with chromium intake from food or supplements (1). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 120 μg chromium for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     Mustard sprout. The greens and seeds of the Indian, or brown mustard plant, Brassica juncea, have been cultivated in Asia and Europe for thousands of years (2). Growing Indian mustard sprouts in mineral-enriched soil can increase the amount of minerals concentrated in the plant’s tissue. The sprouts can then be used in dietary supplements as sources of essential and trace minerals such as chromium, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Chromium dinicotinate glycinate

Chromium dinicotinate glycinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to nicotinic acid (niacin) and the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Chromium glycinate chelate

Chromium glycinate chelate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Accelerator 3™ capsules
 

Chromium niacinate diglycinate

Chromium niacinate diglycinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to niacin and the amino acid glycine. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Chromium picolinate

Chromium picolinate is a form of chelated chromium, in which a trivalent chromium ion (Cr³⁺) is bound to picolinic acid. Chromium chelates are often used as a source of chromium in dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  SPORT™ capsules
 

Cinnamon

Cinnamon, Cinnamomum verum or C. zeylanicum, is a flowering evergreen tree native to India. The dried bark and bark oil are widely used for flavoring in foods and beverages, as well as for fragrance in personal care products. Cinnamon bark has been used in Eastern and Western cultures for thousands of years for its numerous health benefits. It contains a number of antioxidant compounds, such as tannins and proanthocyanins (1). Cinnamon is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a flavoring agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR182.10).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars cherry pie flavor
 

Citric acid

Citric acid occurs naturally in a number of plant species, including lemons and pineapples. It is also found naturally in the human body, mainly in the bones. In food products, citric acid is used as a flavor enhancer for its tart, acidic taste. As an excipient, it is used primarily to adjust the pH (the acidity or alkalinity) of a product (1). It is also used in skin care products for fragrance (2). Citric acid is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (3). It is also included in the U.S. FDA Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (4).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  AmbroStart^® drink mix
   •  Ambrotose AO^® capsules
   •  EM•PACT^®
   •  FiberSlim™ capsules
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  MannaBears™ supplement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
 

Citrus bioflavonoids (from orange pericarp)

Citrus bioflavonoids (from orange pericarp). Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found naturally in plants. They are most commonly known for their antioxidant activities, but likely demonstrate a number of health benefits for humans. The pericarp (peel and flesh) and juice of citrus plants contain a number of flavonoid compounds. Hesperidin is the predominant flavonoid found in the sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Citrus bioflavonoids, such as hesperidin, are usually well tolerated when consumed as dietary supplements (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Cocamidopropyl betaine

Cocamidopropyl betaine is a chemical compound derived from coconut oil. It is used as a skin conditioning agent, a cleansing agent with soap-like properties, a foam booster, and a thickening agent in cosmetics and personal care products (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), cocamidopropyl betaine is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Cocoa

Cocoa. The seeds of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, can be used to make cocoa powder, cocoa butter and cocoa extracts. The cacao tree is native to the Americas, and today the vast majority of cacao is grown in West Africa (1). In foods, cocoa is used as a flavoring agent. The combination of cocoa powder and cocoa butter make up pure, unsweetened chocolate. Cocoa contains the alkaloids caffeine and theobromine, along with tannins and flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant activity (2). Cocoa extract is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
 

Cocoa powder

Cocoa powder. The seeds of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, can be used to make cocoa powder, as well as cocoa butter and cocoa extracts. The cacao tree is native to the Americas, and today the vast majority of cacao is grown in West Africa (1). In foods, cocoa is used as a flavoring agent. Cocoa contains the alkaloids caffeine and theobromine, along with tannins and flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant activity (2). Cacao products are approved for use as foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (21CFR163).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Simply Delicious™ snack bars chocolate raspberry truffle flavor
 

Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil

Cocos nucifera (coconut) oil is produced by pressing coconuts, which are the kernels of the seeds of the coconut palm. Coconut oil aids in dissolving and mixing skin care products, and is a skin conditioning agent that slows the loss of water from the skin by forming a barrier on the skin’s surface (1). According to the Cosmetic Ingredients Review (an independent committee established by the Personal Care Products Council, an industry trade association that thoroughly reviews and assesses the safety of ingredients used in cosmetics), coconut oil is safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).

Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), also known as ubiquinone, is a vitamin-like compound found naturally in most cells of the body, with the highest concentrations found in the heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas. It functions as a cofactor in chemical reactions that generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). CoQ10 also demonstrates antioxidant activity. Food sources of CoQ10 include animal organ meats, such as liver and kidney. CoQ10 can also be made in the body through a process that requires B vitamins and vitamin C, along with other nutrients. CoQ10 is commonly used as a dietary supplement by healthy individuals (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Coix lacryma-jobi (Job’s Tears) Ma-yuen seed extract

Coix lacryma-jobi (Job’s Tears) Ma-yuen seed extract is an extract of the seeds of the tropical plant Job’s Tears, Coix lacryma-jobi. It is used in cosmetics and personal care products as a skin conditioning agent (1).

Colostrum (bovine pre-milk)

Colostrum (bovine) is the pre-milk fluid obtained from the first milking of female cows just after they give birth. Bovine colostrum provides nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, growth factors and immune factors to the offspring to promote immunity and proper growth and development. Colostrum contains 3 to 4 times more protein than regular cow’s milk, a large proportion of which is comprised of antibodies called immunoglobulins (Ig) (1). Humans can benefit from the health-promoting properties of bovine colostrum, supplements of which are now available. Bovine colostrum supplementation is generally well tolerated (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •   ImmunoSTART^® tablets
 

Copper

Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods and is present in small amounts in drinking water. Contributors of dietary copper include organ meats, seafood, nuts, wheat bran cereals and whole grain products. Copper is a component of multiple enzymes and is involved in numerous biochemical reactions in human cells, such as the reduction of molecular oxygen, the regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial function/cellular metabolism and the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 2.0 mg copper for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     The risk of adverse effects resulting from excess intake of copper from food, water and supplements appears to be very low in adults, but may be more likely in young children. Excess copper intake can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and possible liver damage (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Copper (as copper glycinate)

Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods and is present in small amounts in drinking water. Contributors of dietary copper include organ meats, seafood, nuts, wheat bran cereals and whole grain products. Copper is a component of multiple enzymes and is involved in numerous biochemical reactions in human cells, such as the reduction of molecular oxygen, the regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial function/cellular metabolism and the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 2.0 mg copper for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     The risk of adverse effects resulting from excess intake of copper from food, water and supplements appears to be very low in adults, but may be more likely in young children. Excess copper intake can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and possible liver damage (1).
     Copper glycinate is a form of chelated copper, in which a divalent copper ion (Cu²⁺) is bound to the amino acid glycine. It is used as a source of the trace mineral copper in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
 

Copper (as cupric oxide and copper glycinate)

Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods and is present in small amounts in drinking water. Contributors of dietary copper include organ meats, seafood, nuts, wheat bran cereals and whole grain products. Copper is a component of multiple enzymes and is involved in numerous biochemical reactions in human cells, such as the reduction of molecular oxygen, the regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial function/cellular metabolism and the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 2.0 mg copper for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     The risk of adverse effects resulting from excess intake of copper from food, water and supplements appears to be very low in adults, but may be more likely in young children. Excess copper intake can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and possible liver damage (1).
     Cupric oxide is an inorganic compound containing copper and oxygen. It is used as a source of the trace mineral copper in dietary supplements.
     Copper glycinate is a form of chelated copper, in which a divalent copper ion (Cu²⁺) is bound to the amino acid glycine. It is used as a source of the trace mineral copper in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Copper (from mustard sprout)

Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods and is present in small amounts in drinking water. Contributors of dietary copper include organ meats, seafood, nuts, wheat bran cereals and whole grain products. Copper is a component of multiple enzymes and is involved in numerous biochemical reactions in human cells, such as the reduction of molecular oxygen, the regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial function/cellular metabolism and the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron (1).
     The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a Reference Daily Intake (RDI) of 2.0 mg copper for adults and children 4 or more years of age (21CFR101.9). RDIs are a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals that are considered amounts sufficient to meet the daily requirements of healthy individuals. RDIs serve as the basis for calculating the percent daily value (%DV) amounts found on dietary supplement and food labels.
     The risk of adverse effects resulting from excess intake of copper from food, water and supplements appears to be very low in adults, but may be more likely in young children. Excess copper intake can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and possible liver damage (1).
     Mustard sprout. The greens and seeds of the Indian, or brown mustard plant, Brassica juncea, have been cultivated in Asia and Europe for thousands of years (2). Growing Indian mustard sprouts in mineral-enriched soil can increase the amount of minerals concentrated in the plant’s tissue. The sprouts can then be used in dietary supplements as sources of essential and trace minerals such as chromium, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Copper citrate

Copper citrate is a copper salt of citric acid often used as a source of copper in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Copper glycinate

Copper glycinate is a form of chelated copper, in which a divalent copper ion (Cu²⁺) is bound to the amino acid glycine. It is used as a source of the trace mineral copper in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Corn starch

Corn starch is a polysaccharide obtained from the grains of corn. Worldwide, natural starch is an important source of energy. Humans and other animals have enzymes that are able to digest starch into its glucose components, so it can be easily digested. Starch is widely used as an excipient to control the consistency of pharmaceutical formulations, particularly oral tablets (1). Corn starch is an approved food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Corn syrup solids (non-hydrogenated)

Corn syrup solids are produced by removing water from corn syrup, which is made by the partial break down of corn starch. Depending on the amount of hydrolysis, the resultant corn syrup solids can be made up of a mixture of glucose, maltose and larger saccharides. Corn syrup solids are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in foods by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
 

Cranberry juice concentrate (fruit)

Cranberry juice concentrate. The cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, grows wild in eastern North America and is commonly associated with the holiday of Thanksgiving. Cranberries are consumed as whole berries (fresh or frozen) or as the primary ingredients in cranberry juice and cranberry sauce. Fresh cranberries are rich in fructose and the acids citric, quinic and benzoic (1). They are fairly low in calories and are also a source of fiber, bioflavonoids, potassium and vitamin C (2). When compared with a variety of other common fruits, cranberries contain the largest amount of phenolic antioxidants (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Optimal Support Packets
 

Cranberry juice concentrate (fruit) standardized to 35% organic acids

Cranberry juice concentrate. The cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon, grows wild in eastern North America and is commonly associated with the holiday of Thanksgiving. Cranberries are consumed as whole berries (fresh or frozen) or as the primary ingredients in cranberry juice and cranberry sauce. Fresh cranberries are rich in fructose and the acids citric, quinic and benzoic (1). They are fairly low in calories and are also a source of fiber, bioflavonoids, potassium and vitamin C (2). When compared with a variety of other common fruits, cranberries contain the largest amount of phenolic antioxidants (3).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Croscarmellose sodium

Croscarmellose sodium, the sodium salt of a cellulose, is added to capsules, tablets and granules to help them disintegrate following ingestion. Croscarmellose sodium is generally regarded as an essentially nontoxic material. Consumption of large quantities may have a laxative effect, although the quantities used in capsules or tablets are unlikely to cause this problem (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  MannaCLEANSE™ caplets
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
   •  PLUS™ caplets
 

Cryptoxanthin

Cryptoxanthin, or beta-cryptoxanthin, is a provitamin A carotenoid, similar to beta-carotene, which serves as a source of vitamin A for the body. It is found in a number of orange-colored fruits such as mangos, oranges, peaches and papayas, as well as in vegetables like corn and red peppers (1). Beta-cryptoxanthin has only half of the provitamin A activity of the more commonly known carotenoid beta-carotene.
     Dietary carotenoids may either be absorbed through the intestines intact, or be cleaved to form vitamin A prior to absorption. There is no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for beta-carotene or other vitamin A carotenoids. However, dietary provitamin A carotenoids have vitamin A activity that can be expressed as retinol activity equivalents (RAEs) to be included as part of the RDI for vitamin A (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Cupric oxide

Cupric oxide is an inorganic compound containing copper and oxygen. It is used as a source of the trace mineral copper in dietary supplements.

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
 

Curcuminoids

Curcuminoids are polyphenolic pigments found in the spice turmeric, derived from the roots of the tropical plant Curcuma longa. The major curcuminoids are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Each demonstrates antioxidant activity. Consumption of curcuminoids is believed to result in a number of benefits to human health (1). The disposition of curcuminoids in the human body following oral ingestion is not well understood. Animal studies indicate that it is poorly absorbed; absorption appears to be improved when it is taken with food. Due to its questionable absorption, curcuminoid supplements are often formulated with bromelain to enhance its absorption (2).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  BounceBack^® capsules
 

Curdlan

Curdlan is a specific beta-1,3-glucan derived from the nonpathogenic bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis. It is approved for use as a food additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1).

Cyanocobalamin

Cyanocobalamin is the principal form of vitamin B₁₂ for commercial use in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Once absorbed through the intestine, cyanocobalamin is converted to the active forms of vitamin B₁₂ in the body. No adverse effects have been associated with B₁₂ intake from food or supplements in healthy individuals at amounts far exceeding the recommended daily value (1).

This ingredient can be found in the following products:
   •  CardioBALANCE^® capsules
   •  Catalyst™ caplets
   •  GlycoBears^® tablets
   •  GlycoSlim^® chocolate meal replacement
   •  GlycoSlim^® vanilla meal replacement
   •  Optimal Support Packets
   •  PhytoBurst^® Nutritional Chews
   •  PhytoMatrix^® caplets
 

Cyclopentasiloxane

Cyclopentasiloxane (also known as cyclomethicone) is a chemical compound that aids in mixing skin care products, and is a skin conditioning agent that acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance (1). Cyclomethicone is included in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inactive Ingredients Guide as safe to use in the amounts present in our products (2).